| 1 | Full-Bore Electromagnetic Flow Meter | Municipal transmission, process-water lines, cooling-water systems and wastewater with conductive liquids | Approximately DN15 to DN3000 and larger | Typically ±0.2% to ±1.0% of reading, depending on configuration | Conductive water; commonly requires conductivity above about 5 µS/cm | No moving parts, negligible permanent pressure loss, bidirectional measurement and good performance with dirty water | Cannot measure non-conductive liquids; pipe must remain full; grounding and correct liner selection are important | Pulse, frequency, 4–20 mA, Modbus or HART; commonly specified to ISO 4064, OIML R49 or local requirements |
| 2 | Inline Ultrasonic Transit-Time Meter | Clean-water distribution, energy-plant cooling loops, boiler feedwater and custody or submetering applications | Approximately DN25 to DN2000, with larger sizes available | Typically ±0.5% to ±1.0% of reading | Relatively clean liquid with limited suspended solids and entrained air | No moving parts, low pressure loss, wide turndown and useful for large pipelines | Accuracy can decline with bubbles, heavy solids, poor pipe lining or inadequate straight-pipe conditions | Pulse, 4–20 mA, RS-485/Modbus and data logging; installation should follow the manufacturer’s acoustic-path requirements |
| 3 | Clamp-On Ultrasonic Transit-Time Meter | Temporary surveys, retrofit projects, leak studies and installations where pipe cutting is not permitted | Approximately DN15 to DN6000, depending on transducer type | Typically ±1% to ±3% of reading in favorable field conditions | Clean or moderately clean water in sound, accessible pipework | Non-invasive installation, no process shutdown, no pressure loss and easy relocation | Sensitive to pipe-wall condition, lining, mounting position, air bubbles and incorrect sound-speed settings | Portable displays, totalizers, pulse, 4–20 mA and digital communications; site verification is recommended for critical measurements |
| 4 | Ultrasonic Doppler Flow Meter | Raw water, sewage, sludge-bearing water, stormwater and liquids containing suspended particles or bubbles | Approximately DN25 to DN3000 for inline or insertion designs | Typically ±2% to ±5% of reading, depending on solids concentration and installation | Water containing sufficient suspended solids, particles or air bubbles to reflect the ultrasonic signal | Works where transit-time meters may fail; available in clamp-on and insertion configurations | Requires stable scatterers; performance is affected by changing solids concentration and flow profile | 4–20 mA, pulse, relay and digital outputs; best suited to process monitoring rather than high-accuracy billing |
| 5 | Insertion Electromagnetic Flow Meter | Large-diameter cooling-water, irrigation, raw-water and distribution pipelines where a full-bore meter is costly | Commonly DN100 to DN3000 and larger | Typically ±1% to ±2% of reading after correct installation and calibration | Conductive water with a full pipe and reasonably developed flow profile | Lower purchase and installation cost for large lines; no significant obstruction in the main pipe | Point-velocity measurement is more installation-sensitive than full-bore designs; hot-tap work requires safety controls | 4–20 mA, pulse and Modbus are common; straight-run and insertion-depth requirements must be followed |
| 6 | Turbine Flow Meter | Filtered process water, chemical dosing skids, utility-water monitoring and batch filling | Approximately DN15 to DN300 | Typically ±0.5% to ±1.5% of reading within the calibrated range | Clean water with low solids content and controlled viscosity | Good repeatability, compact construction, broad availability and suitable response for batch processes | Moving parts wear; debris can damage the rotor; pressure loss and upstream/downstream straight-run requirements apply | Pulse, frequency, 4–20 mA or digital signal; filtration and periodic verification are normally required |
| 7 | Positive Displacement Oval-Gear or Piston Meter | Low-flow batching, laboratory utilities, high-value process-water dosing and metering with frequent start-stop cycles | Approximately DN10 to DN100 | Typically ±0.1% to ±1.0% of reading, depending on flow range and calibration | Clean water with low particulate content and suitable lubrication characteristics | Strong low-flow performance, direct volumetric measurement and good repeatability | Moving parts create pressure loss and maintenance requirements; solids can cause jamming or wear | Pulse, reed switch, digital totalizer or 4–20 mA; strainers and periodic calibration are commonly used |
| 8 | Mechanical Multi-Jet or Woltmann Water Meter | Plant utility submetering, irrigation branches, commercial water service and general non-corrosive water measurement | Multi-jet: approximately DN15–DN50; Woltmann: approximately DN50–DN500 | Commonly accuracy class 2 or better under applicable water-meter standards | Clean, treated or moderately clean water within the specified temperature and pressure limits | Simple operation, no external power for basic totalization and comparatively low initial cost | Mechanical wear, pressure loss, orientation restrictions and reduced accuracy at very low flow may occur | Register, pulse output or wireless module; commonly evaluated against ISO 4064 or OIML R49 requirements |
| 9 | Vortex Flow Meter | Pressurized utility water, cooling-water systems and applications requiring a meter that can also handle steam or gas duties | Approximately DN15 to DN300 | Typically ±0.7% to ±2.0% of reading, depending on Reynolds number and configuration | Clean or lightly contaminated water with stable flow and sufficient velocity | No rotor or bearings, moderate temperature capability and possible multi-fluid platform use | Requires minimum velocity; vibration, pulsation and two-phase flow can affect the signal | Pulse, 4–20 mA, HART or fieldbus; proper support and straight pipe are important for stable vortex shedding |
| 10 | Open-Channel Area-Velocity Meter | Wastewater channels, stormwater conduits, partially filled pipes, drainage networks and irrigation canals | Channels and pipes from approximately DN150 upward, subject to sensor design | Typically ±2% to ±5% of reading after site-specific level and velocity calibration | Partially full or open-channel flow containing suspended solids; sensor must remain correctly positioned | Measures flow where conventional full-pipe meters cannot operate; suitable for variable water levels | Requires accurate channel geometry, reliable level measurement and protection from fouling or debris | 4–20 mA, pulse, telemetry and data logging; commonly integrated with weirs, flumes or calibrated channel profiles |